Concentration prepolymer composition useful for forming polymides articles

ABSTRACT

A method for forming a homogeneous, concentrated, prepolymer composition, and a method of using the concentrated prepolymer composition to uniformly coat fibers is described. The prepolymer mixture is formed by dissolving a dialkyl, trialkyl, or tetraalkylester of biphenyltetracarboxylic acid in a solvent comprising ethyl acetate and methanol in a molar ratio of from about 1:3 to about 1:60, to form an ester solution. Diamine and end cap compound are added to the ester solution to form a monomer mixture solution. The end cap compound is a divalent compound characterized by (i) at least one unsaturated moiety, (ii) capable of reacting with the diamine or the ester to form an end cap radical that precludes further reaction of the diamine with the ester, and (iii) capable of undergoing addition polymerization. A portion of the solvent is evaporated from the monomer solution to form the substantially homogeneous, concentrated, prepolymer composition. The concentrated prepolymer composition is used to uniformly coat fibers by heating the composition to an elevated temperature to form a prepolymer melt and applying the prepolymer melt to fibers. An article of manufacture comprising fibers and polyimide can be formed by heating the prepolymer coated fibers to the cross-linking temperature of the prepolymers.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/265,581 filed Jun. 23,1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,001, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. Pat. No. 5,338,827, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/816,304, filed onDec. 27, 1991, by Serafini, et al., and entitled "POLYIMIDE RESINSUSEFUL AT HIGH TEMPERATURES," which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,091,505 (07/472,036 filed Jan. 30, 1990) and 5,132,395(07/472,198 filed Jan. 30, 1990. This application is also related toU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,149,760 and 5,149,772. This application is related toU.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/399/032 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,138,filed on even date herewith, which also is a division of applicationSer. No. 265,581. All of these applications and patents are incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates to a homogeneous, concentrated, prepolymercomposition useful for forming polyimide articles, such as polyimidecomposites.

Polyimide resins are used to form structural components for military andcivil aviation applications, such as jet engine cowls and ducts.Polyimides useful for these applications are lightweight, have superiorload-bearing characteristics, and have glass transition temperatures(T_(g)) substantially above the temperature at which the composite isused to preclude softening and creep. Also, the polyimide must have goodthermo-oxidative stability at high temperatures (typically from 500° F.to 700° F.). High thermo-oxidative stability is indicated by low weightloss after long term, high temperature, exposure to oxidativeenvironments. For example, our U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,091,505 and 5,132,395teach polyimides which are thermally stable at temperatures of up to700° F., and our co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/816,304,filed on Dec. 27, 1991, describes a specific formulation of monomericreactants which form polyimides thermally stable at temperatures of upto 800° F. The monomeric reactants taught by the latter applicationcomprise: (a) an ester of biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, (b)phenylenediamine, and (c) a divalent end cap compound capable ofreacting with the phenylenediamine or the ester to form an end capradical that precludes further reaction of the phenylenediamine with theester.

Generally, the fiber reinforced polyimide structural components comprisefibers such as glass, ceramic, or carbon fibers, embedded in a polyimidematrix. Typically, the structural component is made by the steps of (i)forming a low concentration monomeric reactant solution, (ii)impregnating fibers with the low concentration solution to coat thefibers with the monomeric reactants, (iii) forming the coated fibersinto a structural component, and (iv) polymerizing the monomericreactants on the fibers in situ to form a fiber reinforced polyimidecomposite. For example, our aforementioned co-pending application, Ser.No. 07/816,304, discloses a low concentration monomeric reactantsolution that comprises 37% monomer by weight in methanol. Conventionalsolvent, such as methanol, is capable of dissolving only up to about 30%to 40% by weight of monomer. Attempting to dissolve additional monomercan cause the dissolved monomers to precipitate from the solution.

There are several problems with the use of low concentration solutionsfor impregnating reinforcing fibers. One problem is that the lowconcentration (or low solids content) of these solutions necessitatesmultiple fiber impregnation steps to obtain a sufficiently thick coatingof the monomers onto the fibers. The multiple impregnation steps areinefficient and costly. Also, the multiple impregnation steps can resultin a non-uniform coating of monomeric reactants on the fibers. Thenon-uniform coating results in a composite having non-uniform loadingbearing properties caused by variations in distribution of fibers withinthe composite. Variations in fiber content can also cause separation anddelamination between fiber layers.

Another problem with the low concentration monomeric reactant solutionsis that a large percentage (about 50% by volume) of solvent is needed tocompletely dissolve the monomeric reactants. The solvent volatilizesduring the curing of the composite, forming large amounts of gaseousbyproducts which form voids within the molded composite. These voidsfurther weaken the load bearing capability of the composite, and alsoreduce the thermo-oxidative stability of the composite.

A further problem with the use of the low concentration monomericsolutions is their relatively short shelf life. The short shelf lifeoccurs because the monomers dissolved in the solvent precipitate out ofthe solution when the solution is stored for a period of time. Forexample, our application Ser. No. 07/816,304, discloses a methanolicreactant solution which has a shelf life of about 24 hours to about 48hours, because when stored for a longer period of time, the ester ofbiphenyltetracarboxylic acid in the solution precipitates out from thesolution. A short shelf life is commercially undesirable because itnecessitates preparation of the monomeric reactant solutions immediatelyprior to their use.

Thus, there is a need for a method of preparing a substantiallyhomogenous, concentrated, prepolymer composition suitable for uniformlycoating fibers. It is also desirable for the prepolymer composition tocontain reduced amounts of solvent to reduce outgassing during curing ofthe prepolymer and to increase the uniformity of the coating on thefibers. It is also desirable for the prepolymer composition to have anextended shelf life, be affordable and non-toxic, and be capable of useto fabricate composites using conventional molding equipment.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a substantially homogenous, concentrated,prepolymer composition that is capable of uniformly coating fibers thatsatisfies these needs.

The substantially homogeneous, concentrated, prepolymer composition isformed by the following steps. A concentrated ester solution is formedby dissolving a dialkyl, trialkyl, or tetraalkylester ofbiphenyltetracarboxylic acid in a solvent comprising ethyl acetate andmethanol, the molar ratio of ethyl acetate to methanol being from about1:3 to about 1:60. The concentration of ester in the ester solution ispreferably at least about 50% by weight, and more preferably at leastabout 70% by weight.

Diamine and end cap compound are added to the ester solution to form amonomer solution. The end cap compound is capable of reacting with thediamine or the ester to form an end cap radical that precludes furtherreaction of the diamine with the ester. Typically, the end cap compoundis divalent, has at least one unsaturated moiety, and is capable ofundergoing addition polymerization.

A substantially homogeneous, concentrated, prepolymer composition isformed by evaporating a portion of the solvent from the monomersolution. The concentrated prepolymer composition is used to uniformlycoat the fibers by heating the composition to a temperature sufficientlyhigh to melt the prepolymer composition, but below the curingtemperature of the prepolymers, to uniformly impregnate and coat thefibers. After the fibers are uniformly coated, a composite article isformed using the coated fibers. Thereafter, the composite article isheated to a temperature sufficiently high to cross-link and cure theprepolymers around the fibers, to form a fiber-reinforced polyimidecomposite.

The fiber-reinforced polyimide composites prepared in accordance withthe present invention are capable of use at elevated temperatures, havesubstantially uniform loading bearing properties, and can be preparedfrom low cost, non-toxic monomers.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with reference to the followingdescription and appended claims.

DESCRIPTION

According to this invention, high temperature polyimide composites arefabricated using a substantially homogeneous, concentrated, prepolymercomposition that can be used to uniformly coat fibers for fabricatingfiber-reinforced composite articles.

Generally, the method comprises the steps of (i) forming an estersolution comprising a dialkyl, trialkyl, or tetraalkylester ofbiphenyltetracarboxylic acid in a solvent, the solvent comprising ethylacetate and methanol in a molar ratio from about 1:3 to about 1:60, (ii)adding diamine and end cap compound to the ester solution to form amonomer solution, the end cap compound capable of reacting with thediamine or the ester to form an end cap radical that precludes furtherreaction of the diamine with the ester, and (iii) evaporating a portionof the solvent from the monomer solution to form a substantiallyhomogeneous, concentrated, prepolymer composition that is capable ofcross-linking to form thermally stable polyimides, the concentration ofthe prepolymer in the prepolymer composition being as much as about50-60% by weight. Each of these steps and the compounds used therein aredescribed in more detail below.

Ester Solution

The ester solution comprises a dialkyl, trialkyl, or tetraalkylester ofbiphenyltetracarboxylic acid dissolved in a solvent comprising ethylacetate and methanol. The ester of biphenyltetracarboxylic acid can bereadily prepared from the corresponding dianhydrides of the formula:##STR1## in which R₁ is a divalent biphenyl moiety. For example, theester can be conveniently prepared from the 3,3',4,4'biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, or its isomers, such as 2,3,3',4'or 2,2',3,3' biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride.

Diamine

Diamines useful in the present invention comprise para-phenylenediamine,meta-phenylenediamine, 4,4'-methylenedianiline,4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone, and 4,4'-oxydianiline. Preferably, thediamine comprises phenylenediamines having the structural formula:

    H.sub.2 N--R.sub.2 --NH.sub.2                              Compound 2

where, R₂ is a divalent phenyl moiety. Representative phenylenediaminesuseful in the present invention comprise meta-phenylenediamine andpara-phenylenediamine.

As disclosed in our aforementioned pending application, Ser. No.07/816,304, excellent high temperature properties are obtained if thediamine comprises paraophenylenediamine and meta-phenylenediamine oronly meta-phenylenediamine. When the diamine comprises a mixture ofmeta- and para-phenylenediamine, preferably the ratio ofmeta-phenylenediamine to para-phenylenediamine is at least about 1:1,and more preferably is from about 3:2 to about 4:1. The phenylenediamineis also advantageous because it is non-toxic and avoids the danger oftoxicity associated with the use of amines such as4,4'-methylenedianiline.

End Cap

The end cap compound controls the average molecular weight of theprepolymers formed in the polymerization of the ester and diamine, byreacting with either the ester or diamine. The end cap compound isdivalent and is characterized by (i) having at least one unsaturatedmoiety, (ii) being capable of reacting with the phenylenediamine or theester to form an end cap radical that precludes further reaction of thephenylenediamine with the ester, and (iii) being capable of undergoingaddition polymerization.

When the end cap compound reacts with the diamine to produce E₁, the endcap compound can be: ##STR2##

where at least one of R₂ is alkyl and R₃ is a divalent radical of eitherof the formulas: ##STR3##

where each R₄ is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and lower alkyls, normally one to four carbon atoms.

The mono- or dialkyl ester of the dicarboxylic acid (compound 3) can beprepared from the corresponding anhydride. Representative of suchdianhydrides include maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride,5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, and alkyl or alkenylsubstituted 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride.

Suitable end cap compounds for reacting with the ester to produce E₂ areamino compounds with the structure R₆ NH₂, where R₆ is a moiety capableof addition polymerization. These include p-ethynylaniline(p-aminophenyllacetylene), p-aminostyrene, and(4-aminobenzo)cyclobutene.

Preparation of Homogenous, Concentrated, Prepolymer Composition

An ester solution is prepared in situ from the dianhydride by dissolvingthe diaikyl, triaikyl, or tetraalkylester of biphenyl-tetracarboxylicacid in a solvent comprising a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol,the molar ratio of ethyl acetate to methanol being from about 1:3 toabout 1:60. It has been discovered that this solvent mixture allowsdissolution of a high concentration of ester. The ester concentration inthe ester solution can exceed 50% by weight, or even exceed 70% byweight, without precipitation of the ester. Preferably, the ethylacetate to methanol molar ratio in the solvent is from about 1:3 toabout 1:20, and more preferably is from about 1:4 to about 1:8, and mostpreferably is about 1:5.

To form the ester solution in the ethyl acetate and methanol, thecorresponding dianhydride is added to the solution, and the solution isheated to reflux for about 15 to 24 hours, and more preferably for about19 hours. The solution is then cooled to room temperature.

The selected diamine and end cap are each dissolved in organic solventsto form separate diamine and end cap solutions. Suitable solvents fordissolving the diamine and end cap include aliphatic alcohol, aliphaticether, aprotic solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide anddimethylsulfoxide, and mixtures thereof. The selected solvent should beinert to the diamine and end cap, and should be compatible with theester solution, which comprises ethyl acetate and methanol. Each of thesolutions are separately prepared.

A monomer solution is prepared by adding diamine and end cap solutionsto the ester solution. The monomer solution is stirred at roomtemperature (25° C.) for about 24 hours. At least a portion of thesolvent in the monomer solution evaporates during this step, providing ahomogenous, concentrated, prepolymer composition having a solidifiedwaxy or paste-like consistency. The concentration of the prepolymer inthe prepolymer composition is typically at least about 50% by weight.Preferably, the concentration of prepolymer is in the range of 80-90%with about 10-20% solvent by weight.

An important commercial advantage of the concentrated prepolymercomposition is its extended shelf life. The prepolymer composition canhave a shelf life at least one week, and more typically at least twoweeks or three weeks. This allows ease of preparation and shipping ofthe prepolymer composition, which is commercially highly desirable.

The solidified prepolymer composition can be used to uniformly coatfibers by heating the prepolymer composition to a sufficiently hightemperature to melt the prepolymer composition, generally from about 80°C. to about 120° C., and more preferably about 100° C. Suitablereinforcing fiber, such as glass, ceramic or polymer fibers, are dippedor impregnated with the prepolymer melt, to uniformly coat the fibers.Suitable fibers include "E" and "S" type glass fibers manufactured byCorning Glass Company, Corning, N.Y., and carbon fibers manufactured byAmoco Performance Products of Alpharetta, Ga. The concentrated, highviscosity, prepolymer melt allows coating the fibers with a 40-60%weight fraction of prepolymer in a single dipping step withoutnecessitating multiple dipping steps. Also, the absence of solvent inthe prepolymer composition promotes more uniform coating of the fibersand reduces outgassing and resultant pore formation and delamination,when the prepolymers on the fibers are cured.

In some applications, it is preferred to use the prepolymer compositionwithout the use of any reinforcing fibers. For example, the prepolymercomposition can also be used to form molded or cast polyimide articleshaving high temperature capability which do not use reinforcing fibers.Conventional molding and casting techniques can be used for forming suchpolyimide articles.

Imidization

The prepolymer coating on the fibers is imidized by heating the coatedfibers to sufficiently high temperature to imidize the prepolymers,generally to a temperature of about 150° C. to about 308° C., andpreferably about 200° C. for about 15 minutes to 1 hour, and morepreferably about 30 minutes.

The structure, terminal moieties and molecular weights of the imidizedprepolymers formed in the imidization step depend on the molar ratio ofester, phenylenediamine and end cap. Also, depending on the molar ratioof the reactants, the prepolymers have either a single or doubly endcapped structure as described below.

When the end cap compound reacts with the diamine, and the molar ratioof the ester, diamine, and end cap compound is n:n+1:2, the prepolymerformed is believed to have the structure: ##STR4##

When the end cap compound reacts with the diamine, and the molar ratioof the ester, aliamine, and end cap compound is n:n:1, the prepolymerformed is believed to have the structure: ##STR5##

When the end cap compound reacts with the diamine, and the molar ratioof the ester, diamine, and end cap compound is n:n+1:1, the prepolymerformed is believed to have the structure: ##STR6##

When the end cap compound reacts with the ester, and the molar ratio ofthe ester, diamine, and end cap compound is n+1:n:2, the prepolymerformed is believed to have the structure: ##STR7##

When the end cap compound reacts with the ester, and the molar ratios ofthe ester, diamine, and end cap compound are n+1:n:1, the prepolymerformed is believed to have the structure: ##STR8##

When the end cap compound reacts with the ester, and the molar ratios ofthe ester, diamine, and end cap compound are n:n:1, the prepolymerformed is believed to have the structure: ##STR9##

For compounds 7-11, the number "n" ranges between 2 and 20, andgenerally is sufficiently small that the molecular weight of theprepolymer is less than about 50,000, and preferably less than about10,000. Also, E₁ and E₂ are the end cap radicals provided by the end capcompound. The end cap radical has at least one unsaturated moiety and iscapable of undergoing addition polymerization.

The exact structure of any of compounds 6-11 is unknown, and thestructures presented are those believed most likely to result from thetype of monomers and stoichiometry used to prepare the compounds. Forexample, Compounds 7 and 10 are shown as being anhydrides, however,these compounds could just as likely be esters instead of anhydrides.Thus, although compounds 7 and 10 are shown in this description and theclaims as being anhydrides, the formulas are intended to represent theester equivalents of the anhydrides.

Curing

The fibers with the imidized prepolymer coating can be molded to formcomposite structures using conventional molding and curing techniques.After lay-up of the fibers into the desired composite structure, thestructure is cured at elevated temperatures and pressures under 200 psito cross-link the prepolymers, forming macromolecular polyimides withuse temperatures as high as 800° F. Macromolecular polyimides areprepared when the imide prepolymers are heated at elevated temperature,generally at least about 600° F., and typically in the range of fromabout 600° to about 700° F. Heating is carried out for a sufficient timeto cross-link the prepolymer forming thermally stable polyimide resinsbelieved to have an average molecular weight in excess of 50,000.Because the polyimide resin formed is cross-linked, the exact molecularweight of the resin is not known.

Preferably the polyimide resin is postcured by heating in air aftercross-linking. A preferred temperature cycle for postcuring comprisesmaintaining the resin at about 600° F. for about 16 hours, about 625° F.for about 2 hours, about 650° F. for about 4 hours, about 675° F. forabout 2 hours, about 700° F. for about 4 hours, about 725° F. for about2 hours, and about 750° F. for about 4 hours.

Applications

Polyimide resins of the present invention have many applications. Forexample, the polyimide resin can be used to form the matrix of fiberreinforced composite materials which are useful as light weightstructural components in aircraft engines and air frames. Among thefiber reinforcement materials that can be used are carbon, ceramic,glass, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and refractory metals such astungsten.

Another application for the polyimide resins is use as an adhesive,particularly as adhesives for joining high temperature compositestructures made of polyimide resins.

The polyimide resins can also be used for molding, such as by injectionmolding or resin transfer molding. They can also be used as a protectivecoating for providing protection against high temperatures and/oroxidizing conditions.

Advantages

The homogenous, concentrated prepolymer composition of the presentinvention has several important advantages. First, the prepolymercomposition is homogenous, allowing uniform coating of fibers. Second,the prepolymer composition is concentrated, having a prepolymerconcentration of as much as 80% to 90%. The high concentration ofprepolymer allows coating of fibers in a single step impregnationoperation, without necessitating multiple impregnation steps.

The substantial absence of solvent in the concentrated prepolymercomposition reduces outgassing and resultant void formation when thecomposite lay-up is cured.

Also, the prepolymer has an extended shelf life which can exceed one totwo weeks. The extended shelf life provides significant commercialadvantages for shipping and distribution of the prepolymer composition.

The polyimides prepared using the present invention also have high glasstransition temperatures (T_(g)) exceeding 800° F., often surpassing 840°F. The thermo-oxidative stability of these polyimides is superior, thecomposites typically exhibiting weight losses of about 0.67 to about 4.7weight percent after 100 hours of exposure at temperatures of about 700°F.

The facile processability and superior properties of the prepolymercomposition and resultant polyimides make the prepolymer compositionunique and readily adaptable for many industrial applications.

The following example describes a representative embodiment of thepresent invention.

EXAMPLE 1 (GLASS FIBER PREPREG)

A mixture of 32.34 g (0.11 mole) of 3,3',4,4'-biphenyldianhydride wasdissolved in a solvent comprising 38.4 g (1.2 mole) anhydrous methanoland 8 g (0.108 mole) ethyl acetate by heating at reflux for 19 hours.The concentration of ester in the solvent was about 70% by weight.

The ester solution was cooled to room temperature and added to a mixtureof 7.78 g (0,072 mole) of meta-phenylenediamine and 5.18 g (0.048 mole)para-phenylenediamine dissolved in 30 mL of methanol.

A solution of nadic monomethyl ester in methanol was prepared byrefluxing 1.64 g (0.01 mole) of nadic anhydride in 3 mL of methanol foran hour, and then cooled to room temperature.

The nadic monomethyl ester solution was added the phenylenediamine andester solution to form a monomer solution, the resulting monomersolution was stirred overnight at room temperature to evaporate aportion of the solvent in the mixture, resulting in the formation of aslurry-like solid, having an ester:phenylenediamine:end cap molar ratioof 11:12.1. The concentration of prepolymer in the prepolymercomposition was about 50-60% by weight.

The solidified prepolymer was applied to "S-2" type glass fiber fabric,manufactured by Corning Glass Company, Corning, N.Y., and heated to 100°C., until the solidified prepolymers melted and impregnated the glassfabric.

The impregnated fabric was then imidized by heating to 200° C. for 30minutes, whereupon, the monomers in the fiber reacted to form single endcapped, amine terminated, intermediate polyimide prepolymers, and thevolatile byproducts of the reaction and residual methanol evaporated. Aninfrared absorption spectrum of this intermediate polyimide is virtuallyindistinguishable from that of the intermediate polyimide prepared by aprocedure described in aforementioned patent application Ser. No.07/816,304.

The prepreg was cured in a hydraulic press. The prepreg was placed inthe press previously preheated to 500° F. The temperature of the presswas gradually increased to 700° F. over a period of 45 minutes. When themold temperature reached 475° F., a pressure of 200 psi was applied andmaintained throughout the remainder of the molding cycle. The pressuredropped continuously to a temperature of about 530° F. due to meltingand flow of the resin. When the mold temperature reached 700° F. it washeld at this temperature for four hours, and then cooled to roomtemperature to form a uniform and substantially void-freefiber-reinforced composite article. The thermophysical and mechanicalproperties of the product are similar to those of polyimides processedaccording to the procedures described in aforementioned patentapplication Ser. No. 07/816,304.

Although the present invention has been discussed in considerable detailwith reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions arepossible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims shouldnot be limited to the description of the preferred versions containedherein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A thermally stable polyimide having an averagemolecular weight greater than 50,000, the polyimide formed by the stepof heating a concentrated prepolymer composition to the cross-linkingtemperature of the prepolymer composition, thereby forming polyimide,the concentrated prepolymer composition having been formed by the stepsof:(a) forming an ester solution comprising a dialkyl, trialkyl, ortetraalkylester of biphenyl-tetracarboxylic acid in a solvent comprisingethyl acetate and methanol, the molar ratio of ethyl acetate to methanolbeing from about 1:3 to about 1:60; (b) adding diamine and end capcompound to the ester solution to form a monomer solution, the end capcompound being characterized by (i) comprising a divalent compound, (ii)having at least one unsaturated moiety, (iii) reacts with the diamine orthe ester to form an end cap radical that precludes further reaction ofthe diamine with the ester, and (iv) when heated undergoes additionpolymerization; and (c) evaporating a portion of the solvent from themonomer solution to form the concentrated prepolymer composition.
 2. Thepolyimide of claim 1 having a T_(g) of greater than 800° F.
 3. Thepolyimide of claim 26 having a T_(g) of greater than 800° F.
 4. Thepolyimide of claim 1, wherein the ethyl acetate to methanol molar ratioin the ester solution is from about 1:3 to about 1:20.
 5. The polyimideof claim 4, wherein the ethyl acetate to methanol molar ratio is fromabout 1:4 to about 1:8.
 6. The polyimide of claim 1, wherein the step ofevaporating the solvent comprises evaporating the solvent until theconcentration of prepolymers in the prepolymer composition is at leastabout 50% by weight.
 7. The polyimide of claim 6, wherein the step ofevaporating the solvent comprises evaporating the solvent until theconcentration of prepolymers in the prepolymer composition is at leastabout 80% by weight.
 8. The polyimide of claim 7, wherein substantiallyall the solvent is evaporated from the monomer solution, and wherein theprepolymer composition comprises substantially only prepolymer.
 9. Thepolyimide of claim 1, wherein the step of evaporating the solventcomprises heating the solvent to a temperature of at least about 25° C.10. The polyimide of claim 1, wherein the end cap compound is selectedfrom the group consisting of (i) mono or dialkyl ester of a dicarboxylicacid, and (ii) diamine, andwherein the end cap compound reacts with thediamine, the molar ratio of ester:diamine:end cap is selected from thegroup consisting of n:n:1, n:n+1:1, and n:n+1:2; wherein when the endcap compound reacts with the ester, the molar ratio of ester:diamine:endcap is selected from the group consisting of n+1:n:2, n+1:n:1 and n:n:1,and wherein n is from 2 to
 20. 11. The polyimide of claim 10, whereinthe diamine comprises meta-phenylenediamine and para-phenylenediamine,the molar ratio of meta-phenylenediamine to para-phenylenediamine beingfrom about 3:2 to about 4:1.
 12. The polyimide of claim 1, wherein theethyl acetate to methanol molar ratio in the ester solution is fromabout 1:3 to about 1:20.
 13. The polyimide of claim 12, wherein theethyl acetate to methanol molar ratio is from about 1:4 to about 1:8.14. The polyimide of claim 1, wherein the end cap compound is selectedfrom the group consisting of (i) mono or dialkyl ester of a dicarboxylicacid, and (ii) diamine, andwherein the end cap compound reacts with thediamine, the molar ratio of ester:diamine:end cap is selected from thegroup consisting of n:n:1, n:n+1:1, and n:n+1:2; wherein when the endcap compound reacts with the ester, the molar ratio of ester:diamine:endcap is selected from the group consisting of n+1:n:2, n+1:n:1 and n:n:1,and wherein n is from 2 to
 20. 15. The polyimide of claim 14, whereinthe diamine comprises meta-phenylenediamine and para-phenylenediamine,the molar ratio of meta-phenylenediamine to para-phenylenediamine beingfrom about 3:2 to about 4:1.